Timelapse Animations Present The ‘Unexpected’ 3D Facial Reconstruction Of Cleopatra

Cleopatra – the very name brings forth reveries of beauty, sensuality and extravagance, all set amidst the political furor of the ancient world. But does historicity really comply with these popular notions about the famous female Egyptian pharaoh, who had her roots in a Greek dynasty? 

Well the answer to that is more complex, especially considering the various parameters of history, including cultural inclinations, political propaganda and downright misinterpretations. But one thing is for certain – the femme fatale aura of Cleopatra had more to do with her incredible influence on two of the most powerful men during the contemporary era, Julius Caesar and Mark Antony (Marcus Antonius), as opposed to her actual physical beauty.

At least that is what the extant evidences of her portraits in coin specimens suggest. Taking all these factors into account, reconstruction specialist/artist M.A. Ludwig has made recreations of the renowned visage of Cleopatra VII Philopator, the last active pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt.

Now if you look at the videos, we can see that these reconstructions are based on an actual bust (except the last video). This sculpture in question here is thought to be of Cleopatra VII, and is currently displayed at the Altes Museum in Berlin. 

And please note that the following recreations are just ‘educated’ hypotheses at the end of the day (like most historical reconstructions), with no definite evidence that establishes their complete accuracy when it comes to actual historicity.

Now while the animation will undoubtedly confuse many a reader and history enthusiast, actual written records of Cleopatra vary in their tone from profusion of appreciation (like Cassius Dio’s account) to practical assessments (like Plutarch’s account). Pertaining to the latter, Plutarch wrote a century before Dio, and thus should be considered more credible with his documentation being closer to the actual lifetime of Cleopatra. This is what the ancient biographer had to say about the female pharaoh –

Her beauty was in itself not altogether incomparable, nor such as to strike those who saw her.

And even beyond ancient accounts, there are extant evidences of Cleopatra portraiture to consider. To that end, around ten ancient coinage specimens showcase the female pharaoh in a rather modest light. Oscillating between what can be considered ‘average’ looking to representing downright masculine features with hooked nose, Cleopatra’s renowned comeliness seems to be oddly missing from these portraits. 

Now since we are talking about history, many of the masculine-looking depictions were probably part of political machinations that intentionally equated Cleopatra’s power to her male Ptolemaic ancestors, thus legitimizing her rule. In any case, this brings us to the second animation presenting the facial reconstruction of the female pharaoh –

So the question naturally arises – in spite of no convincing evidence, how come Cleopatra is popularly considered as an enchanting empress who was divinely beautiful? Well a part of her enduring aura possibly (and rather ironically) had to do with her enemies, namely Octavian (later Augustus Caesar). In that regard, many of her Roman opponents portrayed her as the seductress who persuaded Marc Antony to ‘betray’ his homeland.

Furthermore, many of the ancient writers genuinely admired (or grudgingly hailed) her wit, intelligence and ‘irresistible charm’ (as mentioned by Plutarch) – qualities that were instrumental in convincing and influencing two of the most powerful men of the era, who were womanizers by their own right. To that end, professor Kevin Butcher from the University of Warwick, who is an expert on Greek and Roman coinage, wrote (in History Extra) –

The modern negative reaction to the face of Cleopatra tells us more about our love of stories than anything about this most famous of Egyptian queens, who ruled from 51 to 30 BC. For us, the reality of her coin portraits clashes with the much greater myth of Cleopatra, a myth so grand that it has practically consumed the person behind it.

And finally, we present the last timelapse animation that showcases a side-profile of Cleopatra’s face (based on another bust), which is similar to her portraits on the coins –

Source
Heritage Daily

Timelapse Animations Present The ‘Unexpected’ 3D Facial Reconstruction Of Cleopatra

Researchers Return to a Phoenician Shipwreck

Recent find shows Malta may have been part of early Phoenician trade network

A jug unearthed at the oldest shipwreck in the central Mediterranean could prove that the Maltese islands were an integral part of the Phoenician trade network.

“To date, we knew that the Phoenicians lived here, because they died here. And to date, our main archaeological sources came from graves,” marine archaeologist Timmy Gambin told The Sunday Times of Malta.

“We now have a ship that was actually leaving the Maltese Islands before it sank off Gozo, because the island was one of its port calls. A shipwreck without any local items could mean that the ship just happened to sink close to Malta during its voyage.”

Confirming the origin of the jug, he said, could place Malta as an integral part of the trading network of the earliest phase of the Phoenician occupation.

The discovery of the Phoenician vessel off Gozo’s northwestern coast more than 2,700 years after it sank, laden with amphorae and grinding stones, made international headlines in 2014.

Spread across a 15-by-four-metre area 110 metres below sea level, there are around two metres of archaeological remains under the seabed, which most probably include wooden remains from the ship.

In July of 2014, the site was surveyed, samples were extracted and a technical team put together 8,000 photographs to create a high-resolution, 3D model of the area. The survey of the shipwreck was carried out within the Groplan Project, which was funded by the French National Research Agency.

But bad weather cut short the 2014 expedition, and after lifting two amph-orae, an urn and a grinding stone from the shipwreck, the team did not manage to carry out a final 3D mapping of the site with the missing samples.

We now have a ship that was actually leaving the Maltese Islands before it sank off Gozo, because the island was one of its port calls

Lacking funding and the necessary equipment, such as a submarine, it was difficult to complete the survey in the following months. So together with a colleague from Finland, Kari Hyttinen, Dr Gambin tested out a manual way of completing the survey on two underwater airplane wrecks.

The trials were successful, so this year, a team of 12 people from the UK, France, Malta, Italy and Finland dived down to the Phoenician shipwreck.

This was the first time ever that archaeologists had dived 110 metres without the help of equipment such as submarines. It took some two hours and 20 minutes for the divers to make it from the shipwreck back to the surface.

Ahead of their dive, the team drew up a list of items that they could recover from the shipwreck to be able to build a better picture of the Phoenician trade routes.

In 2014, Prof Jean Christophe Sourisseau, from Aix-Marseille University, spotted the top of a Phoenician jug among the remains. This made it to the list, together with another grinding stone, which had drawn the interest of Prof Alberto Renzulli, based in Italy.

When they first surveyed the site, apart from seven different types of visible amphorae, the team also discovered around 20 lava stones that were probably used to grind wheat.

It has now been confirmed that a 35-kilogram grinding stone retrieved in 2014 originated from Pantelleria. The type of volcanic rock that it was carved from narrows its origins to one particular spot on the small Italian island.

Meanwhile, it has transpired that the jug spotted by Prof Sourisseau and a large storage container known as a pithos probably originated from Malta.

The latter is unique, as its shape has never been documented before anywhere across the globe.

The items that were retrieved from the shipwreck also include amphorae from North Africa and western Sicily, making it the first internationally documented Phoenician vessel with such a mix of objects in its cargo.

Fragments of an amphora were retrieved, and now the archaeologists can test them for any organic remains that could shed light on what they contained 2,700 years ago.

All of these items were recovered from the surface level of the shipwreck, meaning there could be scores of other objects, picked up by the seafarers when the vessel still sailed the Mediterranean Sea andstill buried in the lower levels.

This year’s expedition was filmed by the national broadcaster, in line with a memorandum of understanding with the University of Malta, and a documentary will be aired later on this year.

Source
http://www.timesofmalta.com

Researchers Return to a Phoenician Shipwreck

Explorers accidentally find a graveyard of more than 40 perfectly preserved ancient shipwrecks at the bottom of the Black Sea

More than 40 shipwrecks have been discovered from the Ottoman and Byzantine periods, many of which provide the first views of ship types known from historical sources. Pictured is a shipwreck from the Ottoman period

The Black Sea Maritime Archaeology Project has been scouring the sea bed of the Black Sea
The primary focus is to carry out geophysical surveys, but over 40 shipwrecks have also been found
They are 'astonishingly well preserved' due to the lack of oxygen in the Black Sea's 'dead zone'
The findings provide new information on the communities living on the Black Sea coast

In the depths of the Black Sea lies a landscape of complete darkness, where there is no light and no oxygen.

Archaeologists have long believed this 'dead zone' holds of a perfectly preserved graveyard of shipwrecks.

Now, a mapping expedition has proved them right, after accidentally uncovering more than 40 ancient shipwrecks from the Ottoman and Byzantine periods.  

The expedition has been scouring the waters 5,900ft (1,800 metres) below the surface of the Black Sea using an off-shore vessel equipped with some of the most advanced underwater equipment in the world.

The vessel is on an expedition mapping submerged ancient landscapes which were inundated with water following the last Ice Age.

The project, known Black Sea Maritime Archaeology Project (Black Sea MAP), involves an international team led by the University of Southampton's Centre for Maritime Archaeology.

Professor Jon Adams, principle investigator on the project, said: 'We're endeavouring to answer some hotly-debated questions about when the water level rose, how rapidly it did so and what effects it had on human populations living along this stretch of the Bulgarian coast of the Black Sea. 

'The primary focus of this project is to carry out geophysical surveys to detect former land surfaces buried below the current sea bed, take core samples and characterise and date them, and create a palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of Black Sea prehistory.'

The vessel is based on board the Stril Explorer, and carries some of the most advanced underwater survey systems in the world.

The researchers are using two Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) to survey the sea bed.

One is optimised for high resolution 3D photography, while the other, called Surveyor Interceptor, 'flies' at four times the speed of conventional ROVs and carries an entire suite of geophysical instrumentation, as well as lights, high definition cameras and a laser scanner. 

The researchers used two Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) to survey the sea bed. These have discovered several wrecks, including this one from the Byzantine period (pictured)

The wrecks, such as this one from the Medieval period, are astonishingly well preserved due to the anoxic conditions (absence of oxygen) of the Black Sea below 150 metres

Since the project started, Surveyor Interceptor has set new records for depth at 5,900ft (1,800 metres) and sustained speed  of over six knots (7mph), and has covered 1,250 kilometres (776 miles).

Among the wrecks are ships from the Ottoman and Byzantine Empires, which provide new information on the communities on the Black Sea coast.

Many of the colonial and commercial activities of ancient Greece and Rome, and of the Byzantine Empire, centred on the Black Sea. 

After 1453, when the Ottoman Turks occupied Constantinople (and changed its name to Istanbul), the Black Sea was virtually closed to foreign commerce. 

Nearly 400 years later, in 1856, the Treaty of Paris re-opened the sea to the commerce of all nations. 

Professor Adams said: 'The wrecks are a complete bonus, but a fascinating discovery, found during the course of our extensive geophysical surveys. 

The Remotely Operate Vehicles captured the shipwrecks in stunning detail, including this intricate stern of a ship from the Ottoman period

While the primary focus of the project is to carry out geophysical surveys, shipwrecks, including this one from the Ottoman period, have given new insights into how communities live on the shores of the Black Sea

The exploration vessel is based on board the Stril Explorer, and carries some of the most advanced underwater survey systems in the world

'They are astonishingly preserved due to the anoxic conditions (absence of oxygen) of the Black Sea below 150 metres. 

'Using the latest 3D recording technique for underwater structures, we've been able to capture some astonishing images without disturbing the sea bed.

'We are now among the very best exponents of this practice methodology and certainly no-one has achieved models of this completeness on shipwrecks at these depths.'

SCANNING THE BLACK SEA BED 

The researchers are using two Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) to survey the sea bed.

One is optimised for high resolution 3D photography, while the other, called Surveyor Interceptor, 'flies' at four times the speed of conventional ROVs and carries an entire suite of geophysical instrumentation, as well as lights, high definition cameras and a laser scanner.

Since the project started, Surveyor Interceptor has set new records for depth (1,800 metres) and sustained speed over six knots (seven miles/hour), and has covered 1,250 kilometres (776 miles).

A collection of more than 40 shipwrecks have been discovered and inspected, many of which provide the first views of ship types never seen before.

Among the wrecks are ships from the Ottoman and Byzantine Empires, which provide new information on the communities on the Black Sea coast.

This Remotely Operated Vehicle, called the 'Work Class Supporter', which is optimised for high resolution 3D photography, is designed to capture high resolution 3D photography and video. The researchers are using two Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) to survey the sea bed.

The project has been scanning the bottom of the Black Sea, and has so far covered 1,250 kilometres (776 miles)

Many of the colonial and commercial activities of ancient Greece and Rome, and of the Byzantine Empire, centred on the Black Sea

Explorers accidentally find a graveyard of more than 40 perfectly preserved ancient shipwrecks at the bottom of the Black Sea

The 3D Reconstruction Of Robespierre’s Face Doesn’t Really Present A Flattering Picture

Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (IPA: [mak.si.mi.ljɛ̃ fʁɑ̃.swa ma.ʁi i.zi.dɔʁ də ʁɔ.bɛs.pjɛʁ]; 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) was a French lawyer and politician, and one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution, the defense of the Republic, and the Reign of Terror.

As a member of the Estates-General, the Constituent Assembly and the Jacobin Club, Robespierre was an outspoken advocate of the poor and of democratic institutions. Early during the revolution Robespierre was against war with Austria, and warned of the possibility of a military coup by the Marquis de Lafayette. Though he was an ardent opponent of the death penalty, Robespierre played an important role in arguing for the execution of King Louis XVI, and the creation of a French Republic. He would campaign for equality of rights and universal male suffrage in France, for price controls on basic food commodities, and successfully advocated for the abolition of slavery in the French colonies.

While France was beset by crises including external and civil war, Robespierre became an important figure during the French Revolution's Reign of Terror. He was named as a member of the powerful Committee of Public Safety launched by his political ally Georges Danton, and exerted his influence to suppress the radical left wing Hébertists. Robespierre later moved against the more moderate Danton, who was accused of corruption. The terror ended a few months after Robespierre's arrest and execution in July 1794, and was followed by a white terror. The political figures of the Thermidorian Reaction who rose to power after Robespierre's downfall accused him of being the "soul" of the Terror. Robespierre's personal responsibility for the excesses of the Terror remains the subject of intense debate among historians of the French Revolution.

Terracotta bust of Robespierre by Deseine, 1792 (Château de Vizille)

Back in 2013, forensic pathologist Philippe Charlier and facial reconstruction specialist Philippe Froesch created what they termed as a realistic 3D facial reconstruction of Maximilien de Robespierre, the infamous ‘poster boy’ of the French Revolution. But as one can comprehend from the actual outcome of their reconstruction, contemporary portraits of Robespierre were possibly flattering to the leader.

Originally published as one of the letters in the Lancet medical journal, the reconstruction was made with the aid of various sources. Some among them obviously relate to the contemporary portraits and accounts of Robespierre, in spite of their ‘compliant’ visualization of the revolutionary. But one of the primary objects that helped the researchers, pertain to the famous death mask of Robespierre, made by none other than Madame Tussaud. Interestingly enough, Tussaud (possibly) claimed that the death mask was directly made with the help of Robespierre’s decapitated head after he was guillotined on July 28th, 1794.

Left side – the 3D reconstruction; right side – a portrait of the revolutionary, circa 1790.

Now beyond the visual scope of this 3D reconstruction, the researchers also pointed out a slew of medical conditions that the political leader probably suffered from. According to the scholars, these clinical signs were actually described by contemporary witnesses-

Vision problems, nose bleeds (“he covered his pillow of fresh blood each night”), jaundice (“yellow colored skin and eyes”), asthenia (“continuous tiredness”), recurrent leg ulcers, and frequent facial skin disease associated with scars of a previous smallpox infection. He also had permanent eye and mouth twitching. The symptoms worsened between 1790 and 1794. The day before his beheading, Robespierre suffered a firearm wound to the jaw in dubious circumstances.

Finally Dr Charlier’s retrospective diagnosis for Robespierre’s symptoms relate to sarcoidosis, an autoimmune disorder involving the abnormal collection of chronic inflammatory cells that form as nodules in multiple organs. And while the disorder (with symptoms similar to cancer) can be treated with steroids in our modern times, unsurprisingly, during Robespierre’s lifetime, the disease was probably not recognized. The forensic scientists wrote –

We do not know which treatment was given by his personal physician Joseph Souberbielle, but fruits might have been included (in view of his very high consumption of oranges) along with baths and bloodletting. His disease did not play any part in his death, as judicial execution put the patient to death in a context of political crisis.

Pertaining to the last sentence, according to contemporary sources, before Robespierre’s execution, the political leader was already injured with his shattered lower jaw – possibly due to a self-inflicted gunshot or being shot by a French soldier named Charles-André Merda. But the literal ‘coup de grace‘ was obviously offered by the guillotine blade, and thus the major figure of the Reign of Terror met his gruesome fate along with his close associates.

Photo/VisualForensic, Philippe Froesch, Batabat

Source
Pierre Serna, La République des girouettes: 1789–1815... et au-delà : une anomalie politique, la France de l'extrême centre, Éditions Champ Vallon, 2005, 570 p. (ISBN 9782876734135), p. 369.
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There are two ways of totally misunderstanding Robespierre as historical figure: one is to detest the man, the other is to make too much of him. It is absurd, of course, to see the lawyer from Arras as a monstrous usurper, the recluse as a demagogue, the moderate as bloodthirsty tyrant, the democrat as a dictator. On the other hand, what is explained about his destiny once it is proved that he really was the Incorruptible? The misconception common to both schools arises from the fact that they attribute to the psychological traits of the man the historical role into which he was thrust by events and the language he borrowed from them. Robespierre is an immortal figure not because he reigned supreme over the Revolution for a few months, but because he was the mouthpiece of its purest and most tragic discourse.
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Born Marie Marguerite Charlotte de Robespierre, at the time of her brother's glory she was betrothed to Joseph Fouché, who broke the engagement after the events of Thermidor. Charlotte became unmarriageable due to her name; she remained single until her death on 1 August 1834, aged 74.
Born Henriette Eulalie Françoise de Robespierre, she became a nun and entered in the couvent des Manarres on 4 June 1773. She died on 5 March 1780 aged 18.
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Discours sur l'organisation des gardes nationales
Article XVI.
On their souls engraved these words: FRENCH PEOPLE, & below: FREEDOM, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY. The same words are inscribed on flags which bear the three colors of the nation.
(French: XVI. Elles porteront sur leur poitrine ces mots gravés : LE PEUPLE FRANÇAIS, & au-dessous : LIBERTÉ, ÉGALITÉ, FRATERNITÉ. Les mêmes mots seront inscrits sur leurs dra-peaux, qui porteront les trois couleurs de la na-tion.)
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Original in French:
«Il faut une volonté une. Il faut qu'elle soit républicaine ou royaliste. Pour qu'elle soit républicaine, il faut des ministres républicains, des papiers républicains, des députés républicains, un gouvernement républicain. La guerre étrangère est une maladie mortelle (fléau mortel), tandis que le corps politique est malade de la révolution et de la division des volontés. Les dangers intérieurs viennent des bourgeois, pour vaincre les bourgeois il faut y rallier le peuple... insurrection actuelle continue, jusqu'à ce que les mesures nécessaires pour sauver la République aient été prises. Il faut que le peuple salue à la Convention et que la Convention se serve du peuple...»
Courtois, Edme-Bonaventure (1828). Papiers inédits trouvés chez Robespierre, Saint-Just etc. Paris: Bouduin Preres. p. 15.
Interesting to note the usage of the term «bourgeois» in the original and «the middle classes» in translation in view of ongoing debate on the issue over «bourgeois Revolution»
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The 3D Reconstruction Of Robespierre’s Face Doesn’t Really Present A Flattering Picture